Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an organization established during the Civil Rights Movement. Established in April 1960 at Shaw University, SNCC organizers worked throughout the South planning sit-ins, voter registration drives and protests. The organization was no longer in operation by the 1970s as the Black Power Movement became popular. As a former SNCC member argues: In a time when the civil rights struggle is presented as a bedtime story with a beginning, middle, and end, it is important to revisit the work of SNCC and their call for transforming American democracy. Establishment of SNCC In 1960, Ella Baker, an established civil rights activist and an official with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), organized African American college students who had been involved in the 1960 sit-ins to a meeting at Shaw University. In opposition to Martin Luther King Jr., who wanted the students to work with the SCLC, Baker encouraged the attendees to create an independent organization. James Lawson, a theology student at Vanderbilt University, wrote a mission statement we affirm the philosophical or religious ideals of nonviolence as the foundation of our purpose, the presupposition of our faith, and the manner of our action. Nonviolence, growing from Judaic-Christian traditions, seeks a social order of justice permeated by love. That same year, Marion Barry was elected as SNCCs first chairman. Freedom Rides By 1961, SNCC was gaining prominence as a civil rights organization. That year, the group galvanized students and civil rights activists to participate in the Freedom Rides to investigate how effectively the Interstate Commerce Commission was enforcing the Supreme Court ruling of equal treatment in interstate travel. By November of 1961, SNCC was organizing voter registration drives in Mississippi. SNCC also organized desegregation campaigns in Albany, Ga. known as the Albany Movement. March on Washington In August of 1963, SNCC was one of the chief organizers of the March on Washington along with Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the SCLC and the NAACP. John Lewis, chairman of SNCC was scheduled to speak but his criticism of the proposed civil rights bill caused other organizers to pressure Lewis to change the tone of his speech. Lewis and SNCC led listeners in a chant, to We want our freedom, and we want it now. Freedom Summer The following summer, SNCC worked with CORE as well as other civil rights organizations to register Mississippi voters. That same year, SNCC members helped establish the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to create diversity in the states Democratic Party. The work of SNCC and the MFDP caused the National Democratic Party to mandate that all states have equality in its delegation by the 1968 election. Local Organizations From initiatives such as Freedom Summer, voter registration, and other initiatives, local African American communities began creating organizations to meet the needs of their community. For instance, in Selma, African Americans state the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. Later Years and Legacy By the late 1960s, SNCC changed its name to the Student National Coordinating Committee to reflect its changing philosophy. Several members, particularly James Forman believed that nonviolence might not be the only strategy to overcoming racism. Forman once admitted that he did not know how much longer we can stay nonviolent. Under the leadership of Stokely Carmicheal, SNCC began protesting against the Vietnam War and became aligned with the  Black Power Movement. By the 1970s, SNCC was no longer an active organization   Former SNCC member Julian Bond has said, a  final SNCC legacy is the destruction of the psychological shackles which had kept black southerners in physical and mental peonage; SNCC helped break those chains forever. It demonstrated that ordinary women and men, young and old, could perform extraordinary tasks.

Biography of Actress Marilyn Monroe

Biography of Actress Marilyn Monroe Known for:  celebrity and actress, sex symbol, blonde bombshell Dates:  June 1, 1926 -  August 5, 1962Occupation:  movie actressAlso known as:  Norma Jeane Baker, Norma Jean Baker, Norma Jean Mortenson, Norma Jean MortensenReligion:  Convert to Judaism Early Life Marilyn Monroe, whose name was Norma Jean Baker in childhood, was born to Gladys Mortenson, a film technician, whose husband, Edward Mortenson, deserted the family. Norma Jeans natural father may have actually been another studio employee, C. Stanley Gifford. Gladys mental illness surfaced shortly after her daughters birth, and she was institutionalized much of Norma Jeans growing years. Norma Jean was placed in a series of twelve foster homes, and once in an orphanage. She attended Van Nuys High School in Los Angeles, California. At sixteen, Norma Jean escaped the foster system by marrying 20-year-old James Dougherty. A year later, in 1943, he joined the U.S. Merchant Marine. Norma Jean took a job in an airline plant, part of the World War II factory effort, and worked first as a parachute inspector, then as a paint sprayer. When the government came through to take promotional photographs of the women working in the plant, the brunette Norma Jean learned that she photographed well, took a modeling course, and began working part-time as a photographers model. Success as a photographers model led her to her dream of becoming an actress. In 1946, she divorced Dougherty and bleached her hair to become a blond. She signed a one-year, $125/month contract with Twentieth Century-Fox on August 26, 1946. Ben Lyon, casting director, suggested that she take the name Marilyn, and she added her grandmothers last name, Monroe. Marilyn Monroe as an Actress Marilyn Monroe played one bit part that year, all of which ended up on the cutting room floor. The next year, she signed another one-year contract, this time with Columbia. The results werent any better. In 1950, Marilyn Monroe posed for full-length nude shots, which the photographer Tom Kelley sold for a calendar. That same year, she appeared in a bit part in The Asphalt Jungle, and though her name wasnt even mentioned in the credits, her appearance generated a huge amount of fan mail. Her reputation as a blond bombshell had begun to be established. So Twentieth Century-Fox signed Marilyn Monroe to a new contract - this time, for seven years. She appeared in All About Eve. In 1953, she had her first starring role, in Niagara. In Gentlemen Prefer Blondes she sang and, for the first time, she had her own dressing room. In January 1954, Marilyn Monroe married the famous baseball player, Joe DiMaggio. The marriage was short-lived; they divorced in October. Seven Year Itch For the 1955 movie The Seven Year Itch, Marilyn Monroe appeared in the famous photographic stunt, in a white halter dress, with her skirt blown up by a draft from a sidewalk grate, leaning down to catch her dress so that her cleavage showed. The photograph was used to advertise the film and has become one of the iconic images of Marilyn Monroe. After filming The Seven Year Itch, in which she plays a prototypical dumb blond, Marilyn Monroe decided to work more seriously on her acting skills, to the skepticism of many critics. She broke her movie contract and moved to New York to study at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg for a year. Success ... and Problems In 1955, she founded her own company with Milton Greene, Marilyn Monroe Productions, and signed a new contract with Twentieth Century-Fox. She made the 1956 movie Bus Stop, which wowed the critics, but shed begun to lose herself to self-doubt, depression, drugs, and alcohol. Marilyn Monroe, whose mother and maternal grandparents had all struggled with mental illness and institutionalization, began taking sleeping pills for her insomnia. She regularly consulted psychiatrists. She drank heavily, and began a habit of arriving late to work, and sometimes not being able to work at all. Marriage to Arthur Miller She married Arthur Miller, the playwright, shortly after Bus Stop was released, and for the marriage converted to Judaism. She lived quietly for two years with her new husband. During that time, Miller was fighting his conviction for contempt-of-Congress for refusing to answer two questions before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). The marriage, and several miscarriages added to her self-doubt and depression, and to her use of drugs and alcohol. Marilyn Monroes next movie, The Prince and the Showgirl, brought mixed reviews. That was followed by Lets Make Love and an unhappy romantic liaison with co-star Yves Montand. The Misfits was written for Marilyn Monroe by her husband, Arthur Miller. She performed well in the final product, though, during its filming, she was often under the influence of alcohol and pills, and she was notoriously late to the set. Marilyn was affected by the death, two months after the film was completed, of her co-star, Clark Gable. In early 1961, Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller divorced. During this period, she was also bothered by many rumors of affairs, including with the President, John F. Kennedy, and his brother, Robert F. Kennedy. Last Months Filming her next project, ironically titled Somethings Got to Give, Marilyns lateness and addictions led to her dismissal after a month. She was briefly committed to a mental hospital. She was approved to return to the film, but never resumed filming. Two months later, in her home in Los Angeles, Marilyn Monroe was found by her housekeeper, dead, with an empty bottle of sleeping pills next to her body. The coroner found the death was caused by an overdose of barbiturates and pronounced it a possible suicide. No evidence of foul play was presented to the coroner. Marilyn Monroes funeral was planned by Joe DiMaggio; Lee Strasberg delivered the eulogy. Marilyn Monroes Parents Mother: Gladys Monroe Baker (also called Gladys Pearl Baker or Gladys Monroe Mortenson)Father: Edward Mortenson or C. Stanley Gifford Marilyn Monroes  Husbands James Dougherty (married June 19, 1942; divorced September 13, 1946)Joe DiMaggio (married January 14, 1954; divorced October 27, 1954)Arthur Miller (married June 29, 1956; divorced January 24, 1961) Education Van Nuys High School3-month modeling coursedramatic coach, Natasha LylessActors Lab, Los AngelesActors Studio, New York

Legal Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Regulation - Essay Example In this manner, regulation can be perceived as implementation of policy statements that aim to bring sanity in business by ensuring that there is neutral for all players to benefit (Scherer, 1996).   The State has always regulated companies because it is aware that the safety of the public and their welfare is its priority. If the activities and behaviors of companies or industries are not regulated and reviewed, they can have harmful effects to human health, community structure and financial well being of people. It is plausible to argue that these regulations are put in place with the intention of protecting those people who have set their businesses correctly on the market via acquiring working licenses, inspections and permits that allows them to operate, therefore, the State tries to weed out criminal or undesirable activities that undercut honest industries. The State has always engaged in regulating businesses by stating that efficient and effective business regulation is ne cessary since it propagates situation where the total benefits of some people do not exceed the total costs of others. Government regulations are important since they aim to achieve various objectives. If businesses are not regulated, then there will high standards of malpractices whereby the consumer will be exploited and deprived of his rights. Because of market failures, it is necessary for the government to control and regulate the behavior of firms since market failures can easily lead to market monopoly whereby the market.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Education - Essay Example This means that students relying on these programs lag behind in terms of technological proficiency and are not able to compete for jobs with their counterparts from other schools (Ross, 2006). Another concern rises from the curriculum’s dependence on theoretical approaches to concepts taught in science classes. Currently, practical examinations contribute very little to the final grades of students. This has made most students to concentrate more on their theoretical studies at the expense of practical studies. There is also need for inclusion of critical co-curricular activities to ensure that students develop to their full potential. While there is need to emphasize on academic success, this should not be achieved at the expense of co-curricular activities such as music and drama (Stark & Lattuca, 2013). Having raised these concerns, I believe the following changes can be important in improving the curriculum. One of the changes relates with aligning the curriculum to ensure that it emphasizes more on analytical thinking skills required at workplace. Science courses at the school should emphasize on science practices. This can be achieved through increasing the percentage contribution of practical examinations to the final grades of students while increasing practical classes (Stark & Lattuca, 2013). There is also need to increase the minimum requirement for entry into mathematics courses in the school to ensure that students who enroll in these courses are able to complete them. This will not only reduce the number of dropouts but also ensure that students graduating from the school have the required standards of mathematical knowledge. The curriculum should further be adjusted such that more emphasis is put on applications of mathematical concepts rather than just learning the concepts in class. Technology programs should also be reviewed to ensure that they equip students with the

A Case for Alternative Energy Generation: How Effective Is It? Essay

As the population rises, the demand for energy increases as well. Americans expect the convenience of electrical power to be there when they need it and their economy depends on it, but a lack of power might soon be a reality. A large amount of electricity in the United States is produced by burning fossil fuels. The national government, as well as individual states, are on a quest for less pollution, but with the energy demand so high it seems lower carbon emissions are impossible. Despite claims that the aging electrical grid is to blame for energy shortages, fossil fuel power generation plants simply cannot keep up with demand. While there is no question the electrical grid needs modernizing, alternative forms of energy production, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric programs have the potential to significantly increase the production of electricity. These programs will not only satisfy demand, but decrease dependency of fossil fuels and carbon emissions. Many argue that increasing renewable energy initiatives will be ineffective without a modernization of our current electrical grid. Globally, 80 percent of electricity is lost between generation and consumption by the end user (Bernstein Global 162). Advocates for renewable energy, such as Tracy Crawford, CEO of Technical Green, are in agreement that â€Å"without rebuilding our grid, we won’t be able to move forward with any new power initiatives and that would not be smart at all†. To help reduce energy loss, companies and power suppliers are advocating for a Smart Grid, an automated power grid that communicates with buildings, appliances, and power distribution centers to increase operational savings, improve energy efficiency, improve grid reliability, and provide efficie... .... 2009. Web. 9 May 2012. Kim, Myung. â€Å"Hoover Dam.† Our States: Geographic Treasures. N.p.: n.p., 2011. 1-3. EBSCO History Reference Center. Web. 9 May 2012. Pacella, Rena Marie. â€Å"Fish-Friendly Tidal Turbine.† Popular Science 1 June 2010: 44. EBSCO Academic Search Complete. Web. 9 May 2012. U.S. Geological Survey. â€Å"Hydroelectric Power Water Use.† Water Science for Schools. United States Geological Survey, 9 Mar. 2012. Web. 9 May 2012. Valenti, Michael. â€Å"Storing Solar Energy in Salt.† Mechanical Engineering 117.6 (1995): 72. EBSCO Military & Government Collection. Web. 9 May 2012. Wiser, Ryan H. The State of the U.S. Wind Energy Market: Wind Technologies Market Report: 2010. 7-9. Wind Powering America. U.S. Department of Energy , 26 May 2011. Web. 9 May 2012. Woody, Todd. â€Å"WIND VS. BIRD.† Forbes 1 Jan. 2012: 70-75. EBSCO Business Source Premier. Web. 9 May 2012.

The Advertising Industry Has Three Major Sectors

Advertising Advertising, generally speaking, is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion. Advertising involves the process where in a massage is designed so as to promote a product, a thought, an idea or even a service. The concept of advertising has assumed a dynamic form with the use of the various mediums of communication. From the newspaper, magazines, posters, neon and fluorescent signboards, billboards to the commercial on TV, laser shows to inflated high-rise figures and objects, advertising has come a long way. The work is formidable as it spearheads a process intended to attract, modify, change and influences public opinion. From the local business to multinational firm and all need to advertise. While politicians, social organizations, government special groups need to advertise their motto, national airlines, auto mobile manufactures, food and consumer goods manufacturers have to reach the consumer. Specialist products and services are often advertised through trade magazines and exhibitions. Lately mail-shots, handbill circulation, special offers have become very popular. There are still other ways of advertising. There are window displays, display on telephone directories, transit sign on buses, lamp posters, banners, etc. Advertising through the electronic media has been perhaps the most popular medium. Advertising, as an effective medium, uses a variety of techniques to create effective advertisements. A basic appeal is at the heart of advertising. Slogans and product characters are created to catch the attention of the viewers. Most winning advertisements would encompass factual information with emotional appeal. The advertising industry has three major sectors. †¢Business or organization which wishes to advertise, Media which provides the medium for advertising and †¢Ad-agency which creates the ad to suit the need of the firm. Ad agencies vary in the size and turnover. Nevertheless the process of creating an ad remains the same. The annual expenditure on the advertising has been to the tune of Rs 8000 crores and the figure could be higher. USA has projected media spending on advertising on the net to approximately $7700 by the turn of the century. The scope for advertising professionals c ertainly shows an upward trend.

The Benefits of Correct Ergonomics